Gold:the monetary commodity’s fate in the hands of central banks
Gold is arguably the most sensitive commodity to monetary policy. The metal operates more like a pseudo-currency than a regular commodity (a regular commodity’s price is driven by the balance of supply and demand, gold is driven by many of the macro determinants of currencies).
After hiking rates every meeting since February 2022, the Federal Reserve (Fed) took a pause in June 2023. The central bank has lifted the upper bound of Fed Fund target rates from 0.25% to 5.25% over that timeframe, marking one of the most rapid rate hiking cycles in history. At times, the Fed was hiking in 0.75% clips. Rising interest rates were an extreme headwind for gold for most of this period. Can gold investors breathe a sigh of relief now? Is this a temporary pause, or a halt on rate hikes? Well, if Fed Fund futures are to believed, there may be one more rate hike by September 2023. If the participants of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) are to be believed, there could be several more rate hikes (with the median expectation of these participants pointing to a terminal midpoint rate of 5.625%, that is, an upper bound of 5.75%). Professional economists1 seem less sure of such decisive action, with the median looking for no change in rates this year (and cuts commencing in Q1 2024). Senior Economist to WisdomTree, Jeremy Siegel, believes the Fed is done hiking and that alternative inflation metrics, which incorporate real time housing inputs, show inflation running at 1.4% instead of the official 4.1% in May 20232.
Market inflation expectations are not falling away as fast as we would expect. Judging by the 5yr5yr swaps, longer-term market inflation expectations are actually rising modestly. Higher inflation tends to be gold-price supportive (other things being equal).
After hitting an all-time high in 2022, central bank demand for gold has maintained strong momentum. Official sector gold buying in Q1 2023 was the largest on record for the first quarter (albeit lower than Q3 2022 and Q4 2022). A YouGov poll, sponsored by the World Gold Council3 , showed that developing market central banks are expecting to increase their gold reserve holdings and decrease their US dollar reserve holdings.
With a lack of forceful stimulus from the Chinese government, and still elevated gold prices in Renminbi terms, we expect a slowing of retail demand in China. In fact, Shanghai premiums over the London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) price slowed in May and remain low in June.
Looking to WisdomTree’s gold price model, we can see that bond headwinds have clearly fallen away and US dollar depreciation (relative to a year ago) is offering gold some support rather than dragging prices lower. However, investor sentiment towards the metal has moderated since March 2023, when the collapse of Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) and the shotgun marriage between UBS and Credit Suisse Banks was announced. With the passing of the US debt ceiling debacle, there aren’t any specific risks driving gold demand higher. However, general recession fears and the potential for unspecified financial sector hiccups are likely to keep gold demand moderately high as the metal serves well as a strategic asset in times of uncertainty.
Source:
1 Bloomberg Survey of Professional Economists, June 2023.
2 The alternative measure calculates shelter inflation using Case Shiller Housing and Zillow rent which annualise at 0.5% instead of the 8% that is biasing the Bureau of Labor Statistics CPI higher.
3 2023 Central Bank Gold Reserves Survey, May 2023.
After hiking rates every meeting since February 2022, the Federal Reserve (Fed) took a pause in June 2023. The central bank has lifted the upper bound of Fed Fund target rates from 0.25% to 5.25% over that timeframe, marking one of the most rapid rate hiking cycles in history. At times, the Fed was hiking in 0.75% clips. Rising interest rates were an extreme headwind for gold for most of this period. Can gold investors breathe a sigh of relief now? Is this a temporary pause, or a halt on rate hikes? Well, if Fed Fund futures are to believed, there may be one more rate hike by September 2023. If the participants of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) are to be believed, there could be several more rate hikes (with the median expectation of these participants pointing to a terminal midpoint rate of 5.625%, that is, an upper bound of 5.75%). Professional economists1 seem less sure of such decisive action, with the median looking for no change in rates this year (and cuts commencing in Q1 2024). Senior Economist to WisdomTree, Jeremy Siegel, believes the Fed is done hiking and that alternative inflation metrics, which incorporate real time housing inputs, show inflation running at 1.4% instead of the official 4.1% in May 20232.
Market inflation expectations are not falling away as fast as we would expect. Judging by the 5yr5yr swaps, longer-term market inflation expectations are actually rising modestly. Higher inflation tends to be gold-price supportive (other things being equal).
After hitting an all-time high in 2022, central bank demand for gold has maintained strong momentum. Official sector gold buying in Q1 2023 was the largest on record for the first quarter (albeit lower than Q3 2022 and Q4 2022). A YouGov poll, sponsored by the World Gold Council3 , showed that developing market central banks are expecting to increase their gold reserve holdings and decrease their US dollar reserve holdings.
With a lack of forceful stimulus from the Chinese government, and still elevated gold prices in Renminbi terms, we expect a slowing of retail demand in China. In fact, Shanghai premiums over the London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) price slowed in May and remain low in June.
Looking to WisdomTree’s gold price model, we can see that bond headwinds have clearly fallen away and US dollar depreciation (relative to a year ago) is offering gold some support rather than dragging prices lower. However, investor sentiment towards the metal has moderated since March 2023, when the collapse of Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) and the shotgun marriage between UBS and Credit Suisse Banks was announced. With the passing of the US debt ceiling debacle, there aren’t any specific risks driving gold demand higher. However, general recession fears and the potential for unspecified financial sector hiccups are likely to keep gold demand moderately high as the metal serves well as a strategic asset in times of uncertainty.
Source:
1 Bloomberg Survey of Professional Economists, June 2023.
2 The alternative measure calculates shelter inflation using Case Shiller Housing and Zillow rent which annualise at 0.5% instead of the 8% that is biasing the Bureau of Labor Statistics CPI higher.
3 2023 Central Bank Gold Reserves Survey, May 2023.